Mahshid SS, Higazi AM, Ogier JM, Dabdoub A. Extracellular biomarkers of internal ear illness and their potential for point-of-care diagnostics. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2022;9:e2104033.
Chadha S, Kamenov Ok, Cieza A. The world report on listening to, 2021. Bull World Well being Organ. 2021;99:242–A242.
Su YT, Guo YB, Cheng YP, Zhang X, Xie XP, Chang YM, Bao JX. Hyperbaric oxygen remedy ameliorates listening to loss and auditory cortex damage in noise uncovered mice by repressing native ceramide accumulation. Int J Mol Sci. 2019;20.
Brock PR, Maibach R, Childs M, Rajput Ok, Roebuck D, Sullivan MJ, Laithier V, Ronghe M, Dall’Igna P, Hiyama E, et al. Sodium thiosulfate for defense from cisplatin-induced listening to loss. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:2376–85.
Zhang Y, Fang Q, Wang H, Qi J, Solar S, Liao M, Wu Y, Hu Y, Jiang P, Cheng C, et al. Elevated mitophagy protects cochlear hair cells from aminoglycoside-induced injury. Autophagy. 2023;19:75–91.
Tian L, He L, Jackson Ok, Saif A, Khan S, Wan Z, Didar TF, Hosseinidoust Z. Self-assembling nanofibrous bacteriophage microgels as sprayable antimicrobials concentrating on multidrug-resistant micro organism. Nat Commun. 2022;13:7158.
Tian L, Jackson Ok, He L, Khan S, Thirugnanasampanthar M, Gomez M, Bayat F, Didar TF, Hosseinidoust Z. Excessive-throughput fabrication of antimicrobial phage microgels and instance functions in meals decontamination. Nat Protoc. 2024;19:1591–622.
Korver AM, Smith RJ, Van Camp G, Schleiss MR, Bitner-Glindzicz MA, Lustig LR, Usami SI, Boudewyns AN. Congenital listening to loss. Nat Rev Dis Primers. 2017;3:16094.
Nyberg S, Abbott NJ, Shi X, Steyger PS, Dabdoub A. Supply of therapeutics to the internal ear: the problem of the blood-labyrinth barrier. Sci Transl Med. 2019;11.
Fritzsch B, Silos-Santiago I, Bianchi LM, Fariñas I. The position of neurotrophic elements in regulating the event of internal ear innervation. Traits Neurosci. 1997;20:159–64.
Li L, Luo J, Lin X, Tan J, Li P. Nanomaterials for internal ear illnesses: challenges, limitations and alternatives. Mater (Basel). 2022;15.
Zhang H, Chen H, Lu L, Wang H, Zhao Y, Chai R. Pure multifunctional silk microcarriers for noise-induced listening to loss remedy. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11:e2305215.
Takeda H, Dondzillo A, Randall JA, Gubbels SP. Challenges in cell-based therapies for the remedy of listening to loss. Traits Neurosci. 2018;41:823–37.
Pan X, Li Y, Huang P, Staecker H, He M. Extracellular vesicles for creating focused listening to loss remedy. J Management Launch. 2024;366:460–78.
Ma Y, Clever AK, Shepherd RK, Richardson RT. New molecular therapies for the remedy of listening to loss. Pharmacol Ther. 2019;200:190–209.
Jiang L, Wang D, He Y, Shu Y. Advances in gene remedy maintain promise for treating hereditary listening to loss. Mol Ther. 2023;31:934–50.
Chen H, Solar L, Wang Y, Cai L, Zhao Y, Shang L. Biomimetic air purification with liquid-gating topological gradient microfluidics. Nat Chem Eng. 2024;1:650–60.
Shan J, Che J, Track C, Zhao Y. Rising antibacterial nanozymes for wound therapeutic. Good Med. 2023;2:e20220025.
Tian L, He L, Jackson Ok, Mahabir R, Hosseinidoust Z. Micro organism repellent protein hydrogel adorned with tunable, isotropic, nano-on-micro hierarchical microbump array. Chem Commun (Camb). 2021;57:10883–6.
Zhang X, Lu M, Cao X, Zhao Y. Purposeful microneedles for wearable electronics. Good Med. 2023;2:e20220023.
Swan EE, Mescher MJ, Sewell WF, Tao SL, Borenstein JT. Inside ear drug supply for auditory functions. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2008;60:1583–99.
Koushik TM, Miller CM, Antunes E. Bone tissue engineering scaffolds: operate of multi-material hierarchically structured scaffolds. Adv Healthc Mater. 2023;12:e2202766.
Glueckert R, Johnson Chacko L, Rask-Andersen H, Liu W, Handschuh S, Schrott-Fischer A. Anatomical foundation of drug supply to the internal ear. Hear Res. 2018;368:10–27.
Li L, Chao T, Brant J, O’Malley B Jr., Tsourkas A, Li D. Advances in nano-based internal ear supply programs for the remedy of sensorineural listening to loss. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2017;108:2–12.
Liu S, Wang S, Zou L, Xiong W. Mechanisms in cochlear hair cell mechano-electrical transduction for acquisition of sound frequency and depth. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2021;78:5083–94.
Driver EC, Kelley MW. Improvement of the cochlea. Improvement. 2020;147.
White HJ, Helwany M, Biknevicius AR, Peterson DC. Anatomy, Head and Neck, Ear Organ of Corti. In StatPearls. Treasure Island (FL) ineligible firms. Disclosure: Muhammad Helwany declares no related monetary relationships with ineligible firms. Disclosure: Audrone Biknevicius declares no related monetary relationships with ineligible firms. Disclosure: Diana Peterson declares no related monetary relationships with ineligible firms.: StatPearls Publishing Copyright © 2025, StatPearls Publishing LLC.; 2025.
Dubrulle F, Chaton V, Risoud M, Farah H, Charley Q, Vincent C. The spherical window signal: a delicate signal to detect perilymphatic fistulae on delayed postcontrast 3D-FLAIR sequence. Eur Radiol. 2020;30:6303–10.
Rathnam C, Chueng SD, Ying YM, Lee KB, Kwan Ok. Developments in bio-inspired nanomaterials for therapeutic supply to deal with listening to loss. Entrance Cell Neurosci. 2019;13:493.
Holley MC. Keynote evaluate: the auditory system, listening to loss and potential targets for drug growth. Drug Discov At the moment. 2005;10:1269–82.
Pararas EE, Borkholder DA, Borenstein JT. Microsystems applied sciences for drug supply to the internal ear. Adv Drug Deliv Rev. 2012;64:1650–60.
Lynch ED, Kil J. Compounds for the prevention and remedy of noise-induced listening to loss. Drug Discov At the moment. 2005;10:1291–8.
Borenstein JT. Intracochlear drug supply programs. Professional Opin Drug Deliv. 2011;8:1161–74.
Sendowski I, Abaamrane L, Raffin F, Cros A, Clarençon D. Therapeutic efficacy of intra-cochlear administration of methylprednisolone after acoustic trauma attributable to gunshot noise in Guinea pigs. Hear Res. 2006;221:119–27.
Rybak LP. Mechanisms of cisplatin ototoxicity and progress in otoprotection. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2007;15:364–9.
Rybak LP, Whitworth CA. Ototoxicity: therapeutic alternatives. Drug Discov At the moment. 2005;10:1313–21.
Rybak LP, Ramkumar V. Ototoxicity. Kidney Int. 2007;72:931–5.
Rybak LP, Whitworth CA, Mukherjea D, Ramkumar V. Mechanisms of cisplatin-induced ototoxicity and prevention. Hear Res. 2007;226:157–67.
Autoimmune sensorineural listening to loss. Lancet. 1980;1:187.
Matteson EL, Fabry DA, Strome SE, Driscoll CL, Beatty CW, McDonald TJ. Autoimmune internal ear illness: diagnostic and therapeutic approaches in a multidisciplinary setting. J Am Acad Audiol. 2003;14:225–30.
Pathak S, Vambutas A. Autoimmune internal ear illness patient-associated 28-kDa proinflammatory IL-1β fragment outcomes from caspase-7-mediated cleavage in vitro. JCI Perception. 2020;5.
Shamriz O, Tal Y, Gross M. Autoimmune internal ear illness: immune biomarkers, audiovestibular elements, and therapeutic modalities of Cogan’s syndrome. J Immunol Res. 2018;2018:1498640.
Komune S, Snow JB Jr. Ototoxicity of Kanamycin sulfate and the boundaries within the internal ear. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1981;89:1013–8.
Chen GD, Daszynski DM, Ding D, Jiang H, Woolman T, Blessing Ok, Kador PF, Salvi R. Novel oral multifunctional antioxidant prevents noise-induced listening to loss and hair cell loss. Hear Res. 2020;388:107880.
Wilson WR, Byl FM, Laird N. The efficacy of steroids within the remedy of idiopathic sudden listening to loss. A double-blind medical examine. Arch Otolaryngol. 1980;106:772–6.
Chandrasekhar SS, Tsai Do BS, Schwartz SR, Bontempo LJ, Faucett EA, Finestone SA, Hollingsworth DB, Kelley DM, Kmucha ST, Moonis G, et al. Medical follow guideline: sudden listening to loss (Replace). Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2019;161:S1–45.
Graham MD, Sataloff RT, Kemink JL. Titration streptomycin remedy for bilateral Meniere’s illness: a preliminary report. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1984;92:440–7.
Sajjadi H, Paparella MM. Meniere’s illness. Lancet. 2008;372:406–14.
Balyan FR, Taibah A, De Donato G, Aslan A, Falcioni M, Russo A, Sanna M. Titration streptomycin remedy in Meniere’s illness: long-term outcomes. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 1998;118:261–6.
McCall AA, Swan EE, Borenstein JT, Sewell WF, Kujawa SG, McKenna MJ. Drug supply for remedy of internal ear illness: present state of information. Ear Hear. 2010;31:156–65.
Yang C, Yu Y, Shang L, Zhao Y. Versatile hemline-shaped microfibers for liquid transport. Nat Chem Eng. 2024;1:87–96.
Mirsalehi M, Ghajarzadeh M, Farhadi M, Akbarnejad Z, Ahmadi S, Salem MM. Intratympanic corticosteroid injection as a first-line remedy of the sufferers with idiopathic sudden sensorineural listening to loss in comparison with systemic steroid: a scientific evaluate and meta-analysis. Am J Otolaryngol. 2022;43:103505.
Jackson LE, Silverstein H. Chemical perfusion of the internal ear. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 2002;35:639–53.
Rauch SD, Halpin CF, Antonelli PJ, Babu S, Carey JP, Gantz BJ, Goebel JA, Hammerschlag PE, Harris JP, Isaacson B, et al. Oral vs intratympanic corticosteroid remedy for idiopathic sudden sensorineural listening to loss: a randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;305:2071–9.
Jung SY, Kim S, Kang Z, Kwon S, Lee J, Park JW, Kim KS, Kim DK. Effectivity of a dexamethasone nanosuspension as an intratympanic injection for acute listening to loss. Drug Deliv. 2022;29:149–60.
Zhang W, Cai L, Gan J, Zhao Y. Photothermal responsive porous hole microneedles as Chinese language drugs versatile supply system for wound therapeutic. Good Med. 2024;3:e20240007.
Suryanarayanan R, Cook dinner JA. Lengthy-term outcomes of gentamicin internal ear perfusion in Ménière’s illness. J Laryngol Otol. 2004;118:489–95.
Bowe SN, Jacob A. Spherical window perfusion dynamics: implications for intracochlear remedy. Curr Opin Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2010;18:377–85.
Li L, Ren J, Yin T, Liu W. Intratympanic dexamethasone perfusion versus injection for remedy of refractory sudden sensorineural listening to loss. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2013;270:861–7.
Hoffer ME, Kopke RD, Weisskopf P, Gottshall Ok, Allen Ok, Wester D. Microdose gentamicin administration through the spherical window microcatheter: leads to sufferers with Meniere’s illness. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2001;942:46–51.
Sale PJP, Uschakov A, Saief T, Rowe DP, Abbott CJ, Luu CD, Hampson AJ, O’Leary SJ, Sly DJ. Cannula-based drug supply to the Guinea pig spherical window causes a long-lasting listening to loss which may be quickly mitigated by BDNF. Hear Res. 2017;356:104–15.
Malfeld Ok, Baumhoff P, Volk HA, Lenarz T, Scheper V. Native long-term internal ear drug supply in regular listening to guinea pig-an animal mannequin to develop preventive remedy for noise-induced listening to loss. Biomolecules. 2022;12.
Schwieger J, Frisch AS, Rau TS, Lenarz T, Hügl S, Scheper V. 3D printed cell tradition chamber for testing the impact of pump-based continual drug supply on internal ear tissue. Biomolecules. 2022;12.
Henry S, McAllister DV, Allen MG, Prausnitz MR. Microfabricated microneedles: a novel strategy to transdermal drug supply. J Pharm Sci. 1999;88:948.
Leong S, Aksit A, Feng SJ, Kysar JW, Lalwani AK. Inside ear diagnostics and drug supply through microneedles. J Clin Med. 2022;11.
Aksit A, Rastogi S, Nadal ML, Parker AM, Lalwani AK, West AC, Kysar JW. Drug supply system for the internal ear: ultra-sharp totally metallic microneedles. Drug Deliv Transl Res. 2021;11:214–26.
Luo X, Yang L, Cui Y. Microneedles: supplies, fabrication, and biomedical functions. Biomed Microdevices. 2023;25:20.
Ahmed S, Al-Japairai Ok, Mahmood S, Hamed Almurisi S, Reddy Venugopal J, Rebhi Hilles A, Azmana M, Raman S. Present traits in polymer microneedle for transdermal drug supply. Int J Pharm. 2020;587:119673.
Pawley DC, Goncalves S, Bas E, Dikici E, Deo SK, Daunert S, Telischi F. Dexamethasone (DXM)-coated poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) microneedles as an improved drug supply system for intracochlear biodegradable units. Adv Ther. 2021;4:2100155.
Leong S, Aksit A, Szeto B, Feng SJ, Ji X, Soni RK, Olson ES, Kysar JW, Lalwani AK. Anatomic, physiologic, and proteomic penalties of repeated microneedle-mediated perforations of the spherical window membrane. Hear Res. 2023;432:108739.
Chikar JA, Hendricks JL, Richardson-Burns SM, Raphael Y, Pfingst BE, Martin DC. Using a twin PEDOT and RGD-functionalized alginate hydrogel coating to offer sustained drug supply and improved cochlear implant operate. Biomaterials. 2012;33:1982–90.
Wang Y, Guo J, Cao X, Zhao Y. Creating conductive hydrogels for biomedical functions. Good Med. 2024;3:e20230023.
Chen G, Wang F, Zhang X, Shang Y, Zhao Y. Residing microecological hydrogels for wound therapeutic. Sci Adv. 2023;9:eadg3478.
Coviello T, Matricardi P, Alhaique F. Drug supply methods utilizing polysaccharidic gels. Professional Opin Drug Deliv. 2006;3:395–404.
Mano JF, Silva GA, Azevedo HS, Malafaya PB, Sousa RA, Silva SS, Boesel LF, Oliveira JM, Santos TC, Marques AP, et al. Pure origin biodegradable programs in tissue engineering and regenerative drugs: current standing and a few transferring traits. J R Soc Interface. 2007;4:999–1030.
Noushi F, Richardson RT, Hardman J, Clark G, O’Leary S. Supply of neurotrophin-3 to the cochlea utilizing alginate beads. Otol Neurotol. 2005;26:528–33.
Endo T, Nakagawa T, Kita T, Iguchi F, Kim TS, Tamura T, Iwai Ok, Tabata Y, Ito J. Novel technique for remedy of internal ears utilizing a biodegradable gel. Laryngoscope. 2005;115:2016–20.
Chen Ok, Wang F, Ding R, Cai Z, Zou T, Zhang A, Guo D, Ye B, Cui W, Xiang M. Adhesive and injectable hydrogel microspheres for internal ear remedy. Small. 2022;18:e2106591.
Wang J, Wang C, Wang Q, Zhang Z, Wang H, Wang S, Chi Z, Shang L, Wang W, Shu Y. Microfluidic preparation of gelatin methacryloyl microgels as native drug supply automobiles for listening to loss remedy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2022;14:46212–23.
Feng B, Dong T, Track X, Zheng X, Jin C, Cheng Z, Liu Y, Zhang W, Wang X, Tao Y, Wu H. Customized porous gelatin methacryloyl sustained-release nicotinamide protects towards noise-induced listening to loss. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2024;11:e2305682.
Chen G, Zhang X, Yang F, Mu L. Disposition of nanoparticle-based supply system through internal ear administration. Curr Drug Metab. 2010;11:886–97.
Huang D, Cai L, Li N, Zhao Y. Ultrasound-trigged micro/nanorobots for biomedical functions. Good Med. 2023;2:e20230003.
Jaudoin C, Agnely F, Nguyen Y, Ferrary E, Bochot A. Nanocarriers for drug supply to the internal ear: physicochemical key parameters, biodistribution, security and efficacy. Int J Pharm. 2021;592:120038.
Zhao Z, Han Z, Naveena Ok, Lei G, Qiu S, Li X, Li T, Shi X, Zhuang W, Li Y, et al. ROS-responsive nanoparticle as a berberine provider for OHC-targeted remedy of noise-induced listening to loss. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces. 2021;13:7102–14.
Wang Y, Clever AK, Tan J, Maina JW, Shepherd RK, Caruso F. Mesoporous silica supraparticles for sustained inner-ear drug supply. Small. 2014;10:4244–8.
Xu Ok, Du Y, Xu B, Huang Y, Feng W, Yu D, Chen Y, Wang X. Gelatin-encapsulated tetrahedral DNA nanostructure enhances mobile internalization for treating noise-induced listening to loss. Small. 2024;20:e2310604.
Gao G, Liu Y, Zhou CH, Jiang P, Solar JJ. Stable lipid nanoparticles loaded with edaravone for internal ear safety after noise publicity. Chin Med J (Engl). 2015;128:203–9.
Martín-Saldaña S, Palao-Suay R, Aguilar MR, García-Fernández L, Arévalo H, Trinidad A, Ramírez-Camacho R. San Román J: pH-sensitive polymeric nanoparticles with antioxidant and anti inflammatory properties towards cisplatin-induced listening to loss. J Management Launch. 2018;270:53–64.
Szeto B, Chiang H, Valentini C, Yu M, Kysar JW, Lalwani AK. Inside ear supply: challenges and alternatives. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol. 2020;5:122–31.
Hao J, Li SK. Inside ear drug supply: current advances, challenges, and perspective. Eur J Pharm Sci. 2019;126:82–92.
De Ceulaer G, Johnson S, Yperman M, Daemers Ok, Offeciers FE, O’Donoghue GM, Govaerts PJ. Lengthy-term analysis of the impact of intracochlear steroid deposition on electrode impedance in cochlear implant sufferers. Otol Neurotol. 2003;24:769–74.
Prenzler NK, Salcher R, Lenarz T, Gaertner L, Warnecke A. Dose-dependent transient lower of impedances by deep intracochlear injection of triamcinolone with a cochlear catheter previous to cochlear implantation-1 12 months knowledge. Entrance Neurol. 2020;11:258.
Macherey O, Carlyon RP. Cochlear implants. Curr Biol. 2014;24:R878–84.
Duan ML, Ulfendahl M, Laurell G, Counter SA, Pyykkö I, Borg E, Rosenhall U. Safety and remedy of sensorineural listening to problems attributable to exogenous elements: experimental findings and potential medical software. Hear Res. 2002;169:169–78.
Astolfi L, Guaran V, Marchetti N, Olivetto E, Simoni E, Cavazzini A, Jolly C, Martini A. Cochlear implants and drug supply: in vitro analysis of dexamethasone launch. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater. 2014;102:267–73.
Mukherjee S, Kuroiwa M, Oakden W, Paul BT, Noman A, Chen J, Lin V, Dimitrijevic A, Stanisz G, Le TN. Native magnetic supply of adeno-associated virus AAV2(quad Y-F)-mediated BDNF gene remedy restores listening to after noise damage. Mol Ther. 2022;30:519–33.
Pinyon JL, Tadros SF, Froud KE, AC YW, Tompson IT, Crawford EN, Ko M, Morris R, Klugmann M, Housley GD. Shut-field electroporation gene supply utilizing the cochlear implant electrode array enhances the bionic ear. Sci Transl Med. 2014;6:233ra254.
Duan YY, Clark GM, Cowan RS. A examine of intra-cochlear electrodes and tissue interface by electrochemical impedance strategies in vivo. Biomaterials. 2004;25:3813–28.
Richardson RT, Clever AK, Thompson BC, Flynn BO, Atkinson PJ, Fretwell NJ, Fallon JB, Wallace GG, Shepherd RK, Clark GM, O’Leary SJ. Polypyrrole-coated electrodes for the supply of cost and neurotrophins to cochlear neurons. Biomaterials. 2009;30:2614–24.
Borre ED, Kaalund Ok, Frisco N, Zhang G, Ayer A, Kelly-Hedrick M, Reed SD, Emmett SD, Francis H, Tucci DL, et al. The impression of listening to loss and its remedy on health-related high quality of life utility: a scientific evaluate with meta-analysis. J Gen Intern Med. 2023;38:456–79.
Yeo BSY, Track H, Toh EMS, Ng LS, Ho CSH, Ho R, Service provider RA, Tan BKJ, Loh WS. Affiliation of listening to aids and cochlear implants with cognitive decline and dementia: a scientific evaluate and meta-analysis. JAMA Neurol. 2023;80:134–41.
Kim ES, Gustenhoven E, Mescher MJ, Pararas EE, Smith KA, Spencer AJ, Tandon V, Borenstein JT, Fiering J. A microfluidic reciprocating intracochlear drug supply system with reservoir and energetic dose management. Lab Chip. 2014;14:710–21.
Chen H, Zhao Y, Li J, Guo M, Wan J, Weitz DA, Stone HA. Reactions in double emulsions by flow-controlled coalescence of encapsulated drops. Lab Chip. 2011;11:2312–5.
Guo J, Yu Y, Cai L, Wang Y, Shi Ok, Shang L, Pan J, Zhao Y. Microfluidics for versatile electronics. Mater At the moment. 2021;44:105–35.
Shang L, Yu Y, Gao W, Wang Y, Qu L, Zhao Z, Chai R, Zhao Y. Bio-inspired anisotropic wettability surfaces from dynamic ferrofluid assembled templates. Adv Funct Mater. 2018;28:1705802.
Ye B, Rong F, Gu H, Xie Z, Cheng Y, Zhao Y, Gu Z. Bioinspired angle-independent photonic crystal colorimetric sensing. Chem Commun (Camb). 2013;49:5331–3.
Chen Z, Kujawa SG, McKenna MJ, Fiering JO, Mescher MJ, Borenstein JT, Swan EE, Sewell WF. Inside ear drug supply through a reciprocating perfusion system within the Guinea pig. J Management Launch. 2005;110:1–19.
Tandon V, Kang WS, Robbins TA, Spencer AJ, Kim ES, McKenna MJ, Kujawa SG, Fiering J, Pararas EE, Mescher MJ, et al. Microfabricated reciprocating micropump for intracochlear drug supply with built-in drug/fluid storage and electronically managed dosing. Lab Chip. 2016;16:829–46.
Zhu Y, Kong B, Liu R, Zhao Y. Creating biomedical engineering applied sciences for reproductive drugs. Good Med. 2022;1:e20220006.
Zhang H, Chen G, Yu Y, Guo J, Tan Q, Zhao Y. Microfluidic printing of slippery textiles for medical drainage round wounds. Adv Sci (Weinh). 2020;7:2000789.
Creff G, Bernard-Le Liboux N, Coudert P, Bourdon H, Pean V, Wallaert N, Lambert C, Godey B. Tonotopic and default frequency becoming for music notion in cochlear implant recipients: a randomized medical trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2024;150:960–8.
van Heteren JAA, Wendrich AW, Peters JPM, Grolman W, Stokroos RJ, Smit AL. Speech notion in noise after cochlear implantation for single-sided deafness: a randomized medical trial. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 2025;151:211–9.
Vogel A, Saborowski A, Wenzel P, Wege H, Folprecht G, Kretzschmar A, Schütt P, Jacobasch L, Ziegenhagen N, Boeck S, et al. Nanoliposomal irinotecan and fluorouracil plus leucovorin versus fluorouracil plus leucovorin in sufferers with cholangiocarcinoma and gallbladder carcinoma beforehand handled with gemcitabine-based therapies (AIO NALIRICC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, part 2 trial. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2024;9:734–44.