CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG ODNs) are well-known adjuvants that induce innate immunity, significantly dendritic cell activation, by stimulating Toll-like receptor 9. Nevertheless, the stimulatory efficacy of CpG ODNs is restricted by their destructive cost, which causes electrostatic repulsion from the cell membrane and hinders mobile uptake. As well as, CpG ODNs are quickly degraded by nucleases beneath physiological situations. To handle these challenges, numerous nanoparticle (NP)-based supply techniques have been developed and utilized throughout biomedical fields. Though numerous varieties of NPs have been utilized, the connection between their bodily properties and CpG supply effectivity stays beneath investigation. On this research, we chosen three generally used and well-established nanocarriers—DNA micelles, gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), and liposomes—which differ in measurement and rigidity and are identified for his or her effectiveness in drug supply. We intention to judge and examine the in vivo supply effectivity and immunostimulatory exercise of those NPs when functionalized with CpG ODNs, thereby offering insights into how NP properties affect CpG-mediated immune activation.
