Sodium plating on laborious carbon anodes in sodium-ion batteries: mechanisms, detection, and mitigation methods


In mild of sodium’s abundance and value benefits, sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs) signify a promising various to lithium‐ion batteries. The business adoption of laborious carbon (HC) as an anode materials—attributed to its low sodiation potential, excessive Na⁺ storage capability, and intensive availability—additional reinforces the potential of SIBs. However, the inherent thermodynamic instability of HC anodes predisposes them to irreversible Na plating throughout operation. This phenomenon not solely poses appreciable security hazards as a consequence of dendrite‐induced brief circuits but in addition accelerates capability degradation, thereby undermining the feasibility of enormous‐scale SIB deployment. This evaluation comprehensively delineates the mechanisms underlying Na plating on HC anodes by inspecting inner elements—equivalent to electrode construction, N/P ratio, and electrolyte composition—in addition to exterior elements together with state of cost, low temperature, and quick charging situations. It additional particulars varied detection strategies, encompassing each electrochemical strategies and bodily characterization of floor morphologies, and descriptions mitigation methods equivalent to electrode construction design, floor coating, and electrolyte regulation to suppress plating. By synthesizing present understanding, the evaluation posits future instructions for growing safer, excessive‐efficiency SIB anodes. Addressing Na plating is thus essential for advancing SIB expertise towards giant‐scale software.